Tuesday, 20 September 2016

Basic Income....

 

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This article is about a system of unconditional income to every citizen. For more specific proposals financed on the returns on publicly owned enterprises, see social dividend. For social welfare based on means tests, see Guaranteed minimum income.
Not to be confused with minimum wage or living wage.
On 4 October 2013 Swiss activists from Generation Grundeinkommen organized a performance in Bern where 8 million coins were dumped on a public square, as a celebration of the successful collection of more than 125,000 signatures, which forced the government to hold a referendum on whether or not to incorporate the concept of basic income in the Federal constitution, a referendum resulting in 76.9% of the votes voting against basic income.[1]
A basic income (also called unconditional basic income, basic income guarantee, universal basic income or universal demogrant[2]) is a form of social security[3] in which all citizens or residents of a country regularly receive an unconditional sum of money, either from a government or some other public institution, in addition to any income received from elsewhere.
An unconditional income transfer of less than the poverty line is sometimes referred to as a partial basic income.
Basic income systems that are financed by the profits of publicly owned enterprises (often called social dividend or citizen's dividend) are major components in many proposed models of market socialism.[4] Basic income schemes have also been promoted within the context of capitalist systems, where they would be financed through various forms of taxation.[5]
Similar proposals for "capital grants provided at the age of majority" date to Thomas Paine's Agrarian Justice of 1795, there paired with asset-based egalitarianism. The phrase "social dividend" was commonly used as a synonym for basic income in the English-speaking world before 1986, after which the phrase "basic income" gained widespread currency.[6] Prominent advocates of the concept include Philippe Van Parijs, Ailsa McKay,[7] André Gorz, Hillel Steiner, Peter Vallentyne, and Guy Standing.


Policy aspects[edit]

Transparency[edit]

Basic income, it is argued, is a much more transparent and simple welfare system than the one existing in the welfare states around the world today. Instead of numerous welfare programs it would be one universal unconditional income.

Administrative efficiency[edit]

The lack of means test or similar administration would allow for some saving on social welfare which could be put towards the grant. The Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN) describes one of the benefits of a basic income as having a lower overall cost than that of the current means-tested social welfare benefits,[8] and they have put forth proposals for implementation they claim to be financially viable.[9]

Poverty Reduction[edit]

Basic income is often argued for because of its potential to reduce poverty, and even eradicate poverty.

Basic income and growth[edit]

BIG allows for potential economic growth: people may decide to invest in themselves to earn higher degrees and get interesting and well-paid jobs that, in turn, could trigger growth.[10][11] However, there is also a discussion about whether basic income could be a part of a degrowth-agenda.

Freedom[edit]

Philippe van Parijs has argued that basic income at the highest possible level which is sustainable long term is a necessity if the political goal is real freedom for all. That means basically that basic income is supposed to give the economic freedom to the people which, combined with the political freedom, freedom of speech, and religion, will mean real freedom to each individual. Without economic freedom, personal, political and religious freedom are worth little. People can consider themselves free only if they are not forced to spend all times thinking only about how to provide basic necessities to themselves and their families.[11]

How will people behave? (Will they work less?)[edit]

There is also a belief among critics that if people have free and unconditional money they will not work (as much) and get lazy.[12][13][14] Less work means less tax revenue and hence less money for the state and cities to fund public projects. There are also concerns that some people will spend their basic income on alcohol and drugs.[11][15]
If there is a disincentive to employment because of basic income it is however expected that the magnitude of such a disincentive would depend on how generous the basic income were to be. Some campaigners in Switzerland have suggested a level that would only just be liveable, arguing that people would want to supplement it.[16]
Tim Worstall, a writer and blogger, has argued that traditional welfare schemes create a disincentive to work because such schemes typically cause people to lose benefits at around the same rate that their income rises (a form of welfare trap where the marginal tax rate is 100 percent). He has asserted that this particular disincentive is not a property shared by basic income as the rate of increase is positive at all incomes.[17]
In one study, even when the benefits are not permanent, the hours worked—by the recipients of the benefit—are observed to decline by 5 percent, a decrease of two hours in a typical 40-hour work week:
While experiments have been conducted in the United States and Canada, those participating knew that their benefits were not permanent and, consequently, they were not likely to change their behaviour as much or in the same manner had the GAI been ongoing. As a result, total hours worked fell by about five percent on average. The work reduction was largest for second earners in two-earner households and weakest for the main earner. Further, the negative work effect was higher the more generous the benefit level.[13]
However, in studies of the Mincome experiment in rural Dauphin, Manitoba, in the 1970s, the only two groups who worked significantly less were new mothers and teenagers working to support their families. New mothers spent this time with their infant children, and working teenagers put significant additional time into their schooling.[18] Under Mincome, "the reduction of work effort was modest: about one per cent for men, three per cent for wives, and five per cent for unmarried women."[19]
Another study that contradicted such decline in work incentive was a pilot project implemented in 2008 and 2009 in the Namibian village of Omitara; the assessment of the project after its conclusion found that economic activity actually increased, particularly through the launch of small businesses, and reinforcement of the local market by increasing households' buying power.[20] However the residents of Omitara were described as suffering "dehumanising levels of poverty" before the introduction of the pilot,[21] and as such the project's relevance to potential implementations in developed economies is not known.

Affordability[edit]

The affordability of a basic income proposal relies on many factors such as the costs of any public services it replaces, tax increases required, and less tangible auxiliary effects on government revenue and/or spending (for example a successful basic income scheme may reduce crime, thereby reducing required expenditure on policing and justice.)
A 2012 affordability study done in the Republic of Ireland by Social Justice Ireland found that basic income would be affordable with a 45 percent income tax rate. This would lead to an improvement in income for the majority of the population.[22]
Paul Mason stated that universal basic income would increase social security costs, but that it would also reduce the high medical costs associated with diseases of poverty, by reducing stress, diseases like high blood pressure, type II diabetes etc. would become less common.[23]

Pilot programs[edit]

Main article: Basic income pilots
The Permanent Fund of Alaska is well established and is perhaps to be seen as a permanent system, rather than a basic income pilot. The same could perhaps be said about Bolsa Família also. Leaving those two big systems apart, these are some of the most well known basic income pilots up to date.
  • The experiments with negative income tax in United States and Canada in the 1960s and 1970s.
  • The experiments in Namibia (starting 2008)
  • The experiment in Brazil (starting 2008)[24]
  • The experiments in India (starting 2011)
  • The GiveDirectly experiment[25]
  • The study in rural North Carolina[26]
  • Utrecht, Netherlands, 2015 experiment

Basic income and ideology[edit]

Basic income can be considered as a human right that helps make sure that every citizen of a country has their basic human needs met;

Left-wing views[edit]

Socialist and left-wing economists and sociologists have advocated a form of basic income as a means for distributing the economic profits of publicly owned enterprises to benefit the entire population (also referred to as a social dividend), where the basic income payment represents the return to each citizen on the capital owned by society. These systems would be directly financed out of returns on publicly owned assets and are featured as major components of many models of market socialism.[4] Erik Olin Wright, for example, characterizes basic income as a project for reforming capitalism into a socialist system by empowering labor in relation to capital, granting labor greater bargaining power with employers in labor markets, which can gradually de-commodify labor by decoupling work from income. This would allow for an expansion in scope of the "social economy", by granting citizens greater means to pursue activities (such as the pursuit of the arts) that do not yield strong financial returns.[27] Other theorists leaning towards different kinds of socialism who have advocated basic income include James Meade, Bertrand Russell, Frances Fox Piven and Harry Shutt. Meade states that a return to full employment can only be achieved if, among other things, workers offer their services at a low enough price that the required wage for unskilled labor would be too low to generate a socially desirable distribution of income. He therefore concludes that a citizen's income is necessary to achieve full employment without suffering stagnant or negative growth in wages.[28] James Meade advocated for a social dividend scheme to be funded by publicly owned productive assets.[29] Russell argued for a basic income alongside public ownership as a means to decrease the average length of the working day and to achieve full employment.[30] Fox Piven holds the view that an income guarantee would benefit all workers by liberating them from the anxiety that results from the "tyranny of wage slavery" and provide opportunities for people to pursue different occupations and develop untapped potentials for creativity.[31] Gorz saw basic income as a necessary adaptation to the increasing automation of work, but also a way to overcome the alienation in work and life and to increase the amount of leisure time available to each individual.[32] Harry Shutt proposed basic income along with reforms to make all or most of the enterprises collective in nature, rather than private. Together, he argued, these measures would constitute the make-up of a post-capitalist economic system.[33]

Georgist views[edit]

Geolibertarians seek to synthesize propertarian libertarianism and a geoist (or Georgist) philosophy of land as unowned commons or equally owned by all people, citing the classical economic distinction between unimproved land and private property. The rental value of land is produced by the labors of the community and, as such, rightly belongs to the community at large and not solely to the landholder. A land value tax (LVT) is levied as an annual fee for exclusive access to a section of earth, which is collected and redistributed to the community either through public goods, such as public security or a court system, or in the form of a basic guaranteed income called a citizen's dividend. Geolibertarians view the LVT as a single tax to replace all other methods of taxation, which are deemed unjust violations of the non-aggression principle.

Right-wing views[edit]

Support for basic income has been expressed by several people associated with right-wing political views. While adherents of such views generally favor minimization or abolition of the public provision of welfare services, some have cited basic income as a viable strategy to reduce the amount of bureaucratic administration that is prevalent in many contemporary welfare systems. Others have contended that it could also act as a form of compensation for fiat currency inflation.[34][35][36]

Feminist views[edit]

As with other issues, feminists hold different views on the basic income, but these views can be loosely divided in two opposing views: one view which supports basic income, seeing it as a way of guaranteeing a minimum financial independence for women, and recognizing women's unpaid work in the home; and another view which opposes basic income, seeing it as having the potential to discourage women from participating in the workforce, and to reinforce traditional gender roles of women belonging in the private area and men in the public area.[37][38]

Technological unemployment[edit]

Concerns about automation and other causes of technological unemployment have caused many in the high-tech industry to turn to basic income proposals as a necessary implication of their business models. Journalist Nathan Schneider first highlighted the turn of the "tech elite" to these ideas with an article in Vice magazine, which cited figures such as Marc Andreessen, Sam Altman, Peter Diamandis, and others.[39] The White House, in a report to Congress, has put the probability at 83 percent that a worker making less than $20 an hour in 2010 will eventually lose their job to a machine. Even workers making as much as $40 an hour face odds of 31 percent.[40]

Financial resources[edit]

Private sector and big technology, pharmaceutical, textile and chemical corporations received their technologies from innovation created by states with public money. Raising taxes on big companies that use technology, discoveries, and resources that came from the public sector will contribute to create equality and a better redistribution of money in every country.[41]

Criticism[edit]

A commission of the German parliament has discussed basic income in 2013 and concluded that it is "unrealizable" because:[42][43]
  • it would cause a significant decrease in the motivation to work among citizens, with unforeseen consequences for the national economy
  • it would require a complete restructuring of the taxation, social insurance and pension systems, which will cost a significant amount of money
  • the current system of social help in Germany is regarded more effective because it's more personalized: the amount of help provided is not fixed and depends on the financial situation of the person; for some socially vulnerable groups the basic income could be not sufficient
  • it would cause a vast increase in immigration
  • it would cause a rise of the shadow economy
  • the corresponding rise of taxes would cause more inequality: higher taxes would translate themselves into higher prices of everyday products, harming the finances of poor people
  • no viable way to finance basic income in Germany was found
Some economists have expressed concern about the basic income. Daron Acemoğlu, who has expressed uncertainty about his views on basic income has stated "Current US status quo is horrible. A more efficient and generous social safety net is needed. But UBI is expensive and not generous enough."[44] Eric Maskin has stated that "a minimum income makes sense, but not at the cost of eliminating Social Security and Medicare."[45] The Economist notes that raising the income floor would have no impact on the wealth gap. While cash transfers would make the most difference to those on the bottom of the pile, they posit it would be instead of existing welfare benefits.[46]

Worldwide[edit]

Main article: Basic income around the world
Generally the discussion on basic income developed in Europe in the 1970s and 1980s, partly inspired by the debate in United States and Canada somewhat earlier, and has since then broadened to most of the developed world, to Latin America, Middle East, and to at least some countries in Africa and Asia. The Alaska Permanent Fund is regarded as one of the best examples of an existing basic income, even though it's only a partial basic income. Other examples of existing basic income, or similar welfare programs, include the partial basic income in Macao and the basic income in Iran. Basic income pilots, such as Mincome, have been conducted in United States and Canada in the 1960s and 1970s, Namibia (from 2008) and in India (from 2011). In Europe there are political decisions in France, Netherlands and Finland to start up some basic income pilots. Voters in Switzerland strongly defeated a referendum on the topic in 2016 with 77 percent voting against the proposal.[47]
In 2016, a poll showed that 58 percent of the European people are aware about basic income and 65 percent would vote in favor of the idea.[48]

Advocates[edit]

Europe[edit]

European advocates of basic income system are for example Philippe Van Parijs,[49] Ailsa McKay (until 2004),[50] Götz Werner, Saar Boerlage,[51] André Gorz,[52] Antonio Negri,[53] Osmo Soininvaara,[54] Guy Standing.[55][56]
Some individuals who support introduction of basic income in Germany include activist Susanne Wiest, Green politician Sabine Niels, CDU politician Dieter Althaus, businessman Götz Werner, CDU politician Thoma Dörflinger,[57] leader of the Left Party Katja Kipping.
In 2015 the London-based RSA (Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce) launched its own proposal for Basic Income entitled[58] which advocated replacing a swathe of UK means-tested benefits with a single universal payment as a response to the changing landscape of work and an ageing population.
In 2016, former Greek Minister of Finance Yanis Varoufakis declared the basic income approach was "absolutely essential."[59]
Other advocates include World Wide Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee,[60] Nobel Prize economists Christopher Pissarides[61] and Angus Deaton,[62] Finnish billionaire Björn Wahlroos,[63] Deutsch Telekom CEO Tim Höttges,[64] dm-drogerie markt founder Götz Werner,[65] UK member of parliament Jonathan Reynolds,[66] and President of the European Economic and Social Committee Georges Dassis.[67]

North America[edit]

Advocates of basic income in the United States approach the issue from a wide variety of ideological and career backgrounds, and include conservative writer Charles Murray,[68] former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich,[69] Marxist sociology professor Erik Olin Wright,[70] venture capitalists Albert Wenger,[71] Tim Draper,[72] and Roy Bahat,[73] Y Combinator president Sam Altman,[74] LGBT activist Dan Savage,[75] artificial intelligence expert Jeremy Howard,[76] HowStuffWorks founder Marshall Brain,[77] computer science professor Moshe Vardi,[78] Niskanen Center CEO Jerry Taylor,[79] financial manager Bill Gross,[80] Zipcar cofounder Robin Chase,[81] Singularity University CEO Rob Nail,[82] Cato Institute senior fellow Michael Tanner,[83] entrepreneur and environmentalist Peter Barnes,[84] and former Service Employees International Union president Andy Stern.[85] Historical advocates in the United States include founding father Thomas Paine,[86] civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.,[87] and Nobel Prize winning economist Milton Friedman.[88]
Canadian advocates include politician Hugh Segal, Minister for Families, Children and Social Development Jean-Yves Duclos,[89] journalist and historian Gwynne Dyer,[90] and Hootsuite CEO Ryan Holmes.[91]

South America[edit]

Advocates of basic income from South America include Eduardo Suplicy.[92]
Main article: Quatinga Velho
Brazilian village in the Quatinga district of the Mogi das Cruzes municipality, which is becoming well-known because of the basic income-project which is taking place there. The project started 2008 and is organized by the non-profit organization ReCivitas. The funding has so far been based entirely on private donations. In June 2011 83 people in the village got 30 Brazilian reals per person and month.[93] The organization hopes that all people in the village will eventually get the basic income, and also that similar projects will get going in other villages in and outside Brazil. The organizers are currently building a social bank, so that the basic income in the future can be financed through investments rather than donations. The idea is that the bank will operate as an investment bank, but the profit will go to basic income instead of a dividend to shareholders and managers. One plan is to use some of the first revenue to support the basic income project in Otjivero, Namibia, and then to initiate similar projects in different parts of Brazil.[94]

India[edit]

Indian Member of Parliament Varun Gandhi has written in support of basic income.[95]

Africa[edit]

South African social rights activist Archbishop Desmond Tutu supports basic income.[96]

Oceania[edit]

Advocates from New Zealand include economist Gareth Morgan[97] and Labor Party leader Andrew Little.[98]

Political initiatives[edit]

In 1976, the Alaska Permanent Fund was created, a constitutionally established permanent fund managed by a state-owned corporation, the Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation. The Fund pays a partial basic income to all its residents.[99]
In 2008 an official petition for basic income was started in Germany by Susanne Wiest.[100] The petition was accepted and Susanne Wiest was invited for a hearing at the German parliament's Commission of Petitions. After the hearing, the petition was closed as "unrealizable".[42]
In 2015, a citizen's initiative in Spain received 185,000 signatures, short of the required amount for the proposal to be discussed in parliament.[101]
The world's first universal basic income referendum in Switzerland on 5 June 2016 was rejected with a 76.9 percent majority.[1][102]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  98. Jump up ^ "New Zealand is debating a plan to give people free money, no strings attached". 
  99. Jump up ^ "Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation". Apfc.org. Retrieved 5 June 2016. 
  100. Jump up ^ "Bundestag will Petition zum bedingungslosen Grundeinkommen ohne Diskussion abschließen › Piratenpartei Deutschland". Piratenpartei.de. Retrieved 5 June 2016. 
  101. Jump up ^ "Spanish Popular initiative for basic income collects 185.000 signatures". Basicincome.org. 10 October 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2016. 
  102. Jump up ^ Ben Schiller 02.05.16 7:00 AM (5 February 2016). "Switzerland Will Hold The World's First Universal Basic Income Referendum | Co.Exist | ideas + impact". Fastcoexist.com. Retrieved 5 June 2016. 

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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