Techno-progressivism

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Techno-progressivism, technoprogressivism, tech-progressivism or techprogressivism (a portmanteau combining "technoscience-focused" and "progressivism") is a stance of active support for the convergence of technological change and social change. Techno-progressives argue that technological developments can be profoundly empowering and emancipatory when they are regulated by legitimate democratic and accountable authorities to ensure that their costs, risks and benefits are all fairly shared by the actual stakeholders to those developments.^[1][2]

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1 Stance
• 2 Contrasting stance
• 3 List of notable techno-progressive social critics
• 4 Techno-progressive subjects of interest
• 5 Controversy
• 6 References
• 7 External links

Stance[edit]

Techno-progressivism maintains that accounts of "progress" should focus on scientific and technical dimensions, as well as ethical and social ones. For most techno-progressive perspectives, then, the growth of scientific knowledge or the accumulation of technological powers will not represent the achievement of proper progress unless and until it is accompanied by a just distribution of the costs, risks, and benefits of these new knowledges and capacities. At the same time, for most techno-progressive critics and advocates, the achievement of better democracy, greater fairness, less violence, and a wider rights culture are all desirable, but inadequate in themselves to confront the quandaries of contemporary technological societies unless and until they are accompanied by progress in science and technology to support and implement these values.^[2]
Strong techno-progressive positions include support for the civil right of a person to either maintain or modify his or her own mind and body, on his or her own terms, through informed, consensual recourse to, or refusal of, available therapeutic or enabling biomedical technology.^[3]

Contrasting stance[edit]

Bioconservatism (a portmanteau word combining "biology" and "conservatism") is a stance of hesitancy about technological development especially if it is perceived to threaten a given social order. Strong bioconservative positions include opposition to genetic modification of food crops, the cloning and genetic engineering of livestock and pets, and, most prominently, rejection of the genetic, prosthetic, and cognitive modification of human beings to overcome what are broadly perceived as current human biological and cultural limitations.^[1][2]
Bioconservatives range in political perspective from right-leaning religious and cultural conservatives to left-leaning environmentalists and technology critics. What unifies bioconservatives is skepticism about medical and other biotechnological transformations of the living world.^[4][5][6][7] Typically less sweeping as a critique of technological society than bioluddism, the bioconservative perspective is characterized by its defense of the natural, deployed as a moral category.^[1][2]
Although techno-progressivism is the stance which contrasts with bioconservatism in the biopolitical spectrum, both techno-progressivism and bioconservatism, in their more moderate expressions, share an opposition to unsafe, unfair, undemocratic forms of technological development, and both recognize that such developmental modes can facilitate unacceptable recklessness and exploitation, exacerbate injustice and incubate dangerous social discontent.^[1][2]

List of notable techno-progressive social critics[edit]

• Technocritic Dale Carrico with his accounts of techno-progressivism^[2]

• Philosopher Donna Haraway with her accounts of cyborg theory.^[8]

• Media theorist Douglas Rushkoff with his accounts of open source.^[9]

• Cultural critic Mark Dery and his accounts of cyberculture.^[10]

• Science journalist Chris Mooney with his account of the U.S. Republican Party's "war on science".^[11]

• Futurist Bruce Sterling with his Viridian design movement.^[12]

• Futurist Alex Steffen and his accounts of bright green environmentalism through the Worldchanging blog.^[13]

• Science journalist Annalee Newitz with her accounts of the biopunk movement.^[14][15]

• Bioethicist James Hughes of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies with his accounts of democratic transhumanism.^[16]

Techno-progressive subjects of interest[edit]

Body modification Bioethics Biopolitics Bright green environmentalism Culture lag Digital freedom Free software movement

Guaranteed minimum income Information ethics Morphological freedom Nanoethics Neuroethics Neurodiversity Non-anthropocentric personhood theory Posthumanism

Progressivism Regulation of science Radical democracy Social democracy Technological utopianism Technological change Technology and society

Controversy[edit]

Technocritic Dale Carrico, an academic known for using term "techno-progressive" as a shorthand to describe progressive politics that emphasize technoscientific issues,^[17] has expressed concern that some transhumanist ideologues are using the term to describe themselves, with the consequence of possibly misleading the public regarding their actual cultural, social and political views, which may or may not be compatible with critical techno-progressivism.^[18]

References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c d} Carrico, Dale (2004). The Trouble with "Transhumanism": Part Two. Retrieved 2007-01-28. 
2. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c d e f} Carrico, Dale (2005). Technoprogressivism Beyond Technophilia and Technophobia. Retrieved 2007-01-28. 
3. Jump up ^ Carrico, Dale (2006). The Politics of Morphological Freedom. Retrieved 2007-01-28. 
4. Jump up ^ Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011). Technofix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada, ISBN 0865717044, 464 pp.
5. Jump up ^ Mander, Jerry (1991). ‘’In the Absence of the Sacred: The Failure of Technology and the Survival of the Indian Nations,’’, Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, California.
6. Jump up ^ Rifkin, Jeremy (1998). ‘’The Biotech Century: Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World,’’ Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam, New York, New York.
7. Jump up ^ Shiva, Vandana(2000). ‘’Stolen Harvest: The Hijacking of the Global Food Supply,’’ South End Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
8. Jump up ^ Haraway, Donna (1991). A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century. Retrieved 2007-01-28. 
9. Jump up ^ ""Open Source Reality": Douglas Rushkoff Examines the Effects of Open Source | EDUCAUSE". Educause.edu. 2008-07-01. Retrieved 2009-07-25. 
10. Jump up ^ Dery, Mark (1994). Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-1540-8. 
11. Jump up ^ Mooney, Chris (2005). The Republican War on Science. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04676-2. 
12. Jump up ^ Sterling, Bruce (2001). Viridian: The Manifesto of January 3, 2000. Retrieved 2007-01-28. 
13. Jump up ^ Steffen, Alex (2006). Worldchanging: A User's Guide for the 21st Century. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-3095-1. 
14. Jump up ^ Newitz, Annalee (2001). Biopunk. Archived from the original on 2002-12-20. Retrieved 2007-01-26. 
15. Jump up ^ Newitz, Annalee (2002). Genome Liberation. Retrieved 2007-01-26. 
16. Jump up ^ Hughes, James (2004). Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4198-1. 
17. Jump up ^ Jose (2006). Dale Carrico on Technoprogressive Politics. Retrieved 2008-04-19. 
18. Jump up ^ Carrico, Dale (2008). "Technoprogressive": What's In A Name?. Retrieved 2008-04-16. 

External links[edit]

• Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
• Overview of Biopolitics

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Technocracy

Technocracy is a form of government in which experts in technology would be in control of all decision making. Scientists, engineers, and technologists who have knowledge, expertise, or skills, would compose the governing body, instead of politicians, businessmen, and economists.^[1] In a technocracy, decision makers would be selected based upon how knowledgeable and skillful they are in their field.
The term technocracy was originally used to designate the application of the scientific method to solving social problems, in counter distinction to the traditional economic, political, or philosophic approaches. According to the proponents of this concept, the role of money and economic values, political opinions, and moralistic control mechanisms would be eliminated altogether if and when this form of social control should ever be implemented in a continental area endowed with enough natural resources, technically trained personnel, and installed industrial equipment. In such an arrangement, concern would be given to sustainability within the resource base, instead of monetary profitability, so as to ensure continued operation of all social-industrial functions into the indefinite future. Technical and leadership skills would be selected on the basis of specialized knowledge and performance, rather than democratic election by those without such knowledge or skill deemed necessary.^[2]
Some uses of the word technocracy refer to a form of meritocracy, a system where the "most qualified" and those who decide the validity of qualifications are the same people. Other applications have been described as not being an oligarchic human group of controllers, but rather administration by discipline-specific science, ostensibly without the influence of special interest groups.^[3] The word technocracy has also been used to indicate any kind of management or administration by specialized experts ('technocrats') in any field, not just physical science, and the adjective 'technocratic' has been used to describe governments that include non-elected professionals at a ministerial level.^[4][5]

Contents [hide] 1 History of the term 2 Precursors 3 Characteristics 3.1 Technocracy and engineering 4 Technocracy movement 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

[edit] History of the term

The term technocracy derives from the Greek words τέχνη, tekhne meaning skill and κράτος, kratos meaning power, as in government, or rule. William Henry Smyth, a Californian engineer, is usually credited with inventing the word "technocracy" in 1919 to describe "the rule of the people made effective through the agency of their servants, the scientists and engineers", although the word had been used before on several occasions.^[3][6][7][8] Smyth used the term "Technocracy" in his 1919 article "'Technocracy'—Ways and Means to Gain Industrial Democracy," in the journal Industrial Management (57).^[9] Smyth's usage referred to Industrial democracy: a movement to integrate workers into decision making through existing firms or revolution.^[9] In the 1930s, through the influence of Howard Scott and the Technocracy movement that he founded, the term technocracy came to mean government by technical decision making.^[9]

[edit] Precursors

Before the term technocracy was coined, technocratic or quasi-technocratic ideas involving governance by technical experts were promoted by various individuals, most notably early socialist theorists such as Henri de Saint-Simon. This was expressed by the belief in state ownership over the economy, with the function of the state being transformed from one of political rule over men into a scientific administration of things and a direction of processes of production under scientific management.^[10]
Alexander Bogdanov, a Russian scientist and social theorist, also anticipated a conception of technocratic process. Both Bogdanov’s fiction and his political writings, which were highly influential, suggest that he expected a coming revolution against capitalism to lead to a technocratic society.^[11]

[edit] Characteristics

Technocrats are individuals with technical training and occupations who perceive many important societal problems as being solvable, often while proposing technology-focused solutions. The administrative scientist Gunnar K. A. Njalsson theorizes that technocrats are primarily driven by their cognitive "problem-solution mindsets" and only in part by particular occupational group interests. Their activities and the increasing success of their ideas are thought to be a crucial factor behind the modern spread of technology and the largely ideological concept of the "information society". Technocrats may be distinguished from "econocrats" and "bureaucrats" whose problem-solution mindsets differ from those of the technocrats.^[12]
The former government of the Soviet Union has been referred to as a technocracy.^[13] Soviet leaders like Leonid Brezhnev had a technical background in education, and in 1986, 89% of Politburo members were engineers.^[14]
Several governments in European parliamentary democracies have been labeled 'technocratic' based on the participation of unelected experts ('technocrats') in prominent positions.^[4] Since the 1990s, Italy has had several such governments (in Italian, governo tecnico) in times of economic or political crisis,^[15][16] including the current formation in which economist Mario Monti presides over a cabinet of unelected professionals.^[17][18] The term 'technocratic' has been applied to governments where a cabinet of elected professional politicians is led by an unelected prime minister, such as in the cases of the current Greek government led by economist, Lucas Papademos, and the Czech Republic's 2009–2010 caretaker government presided over by the state's chief statistician, Jan Fischer.^[5][19]

[edit] Technocracy and engineering

Following Samuel Haber,^[20] Donald Stabile argues that engineers were faced with a conflict between physical efficiency and cost efficiency in the new corporate capitalist enterprises of the late nineteenth century United States. The profit-conscious, non-technical managers of firms where the engineers work, because of their perceptions of market demand, often impose limits on the projects that engineers desire to undertake.
The prices of all inputs vary with market forces thereby upsetting the engineer's careful calculations. As a result, the engineer loses control over projects and must continually revise plans. To keep control over projects the engineer must attempt to exert control over these outside variables and transform them into constant factors.^[21]
Leaders of the Communist Party of China are mostly professional engineers. The Five-year plans of the People's Republic of China have enabled them to plan ahead in a technocratic fashion to build projects such as the National Trunk Highway System, the China high-speed rail system, and the Three Gorges Dam. ^[22]

[edit] Technocracy movement

Main article: Technocracy movement

The American economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen was an early advocate of Technocracy, and was involved in the Technical Alliance as was Howard Scott and M. King Hubbert (who later developed the theory of peak oil). Veblen believed that technological developments would eventually lead toward a socialistic organization of economic affairs. Veblen saw socialism as one intermediate phase in an ongoing evolutionary process in society that would be brought about by the natural decay of the business enterprise system and by the inventiveness of engineers.^[23] Daniel Bell sees an affinity between Veblen and the Technocracy movement.^[24]
In 1932, Howard Scott and Marion King Hubbert founded Technocracy Incorporated, and proposed that money be replaced by energy certificates denominated in units such as ergs or joules, equivalent in amount to an appropriate national energy budget, which could be divided equally among all members of a North American continental technate. The group argued that apolitical, rational engineers should be vested with authority to guide an economy into a thermodynamically balanced load of production and consumption, thereby doing away with unemployment and debt.^[25]
The Technocracy movement was highly popular in the USA for a brief period in the early 1930s, during the Great Depression. By the mid-1930s, interest in the movement was declining. Some historians have attributed the decline of the technocracy movement to the rise of Roosevelt's New Deal.^[26][27]
Many books have discussed the Technocracy movement.^[28] One of these is Technocracy and the American Dream: The Technocrat Movement, 1900–1941 by William E. Akin.^[29]

[edit] See also

• Energy accounting
• Scientism
• Post scarcity
• Thermoeconomics
• Continentalism
• Price System
• Positivism
• Imperial examination was an examination system in Imperial China designed to select the best administrative officials for the state's bureaucracy.
• Groupe X-Crise, formed by French former students of the Ecole Polytechnique engineer school in the 1930s
• Redressement Français, a French technocratic movement founded by Ernest Mercier in 1925
• Calculation in kind, a type of resource management proposed for a socialist moneyless society
• The Revolt of the Masses a book by José Ortega y Gasset containing a critique of technocracy
• Player Piano, Kurt Vonnegut's speculative fiction novel describing a technocratic society
• Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt, a book by Nobel prize-winning chemist Frederick Soddy on monetary policy and society and the role of energy in economic systems.

[edit] References

1. ^ Ernst R. Berndt, (1982).“From Technocracy To Net Energy Analysis: Engineers, Economists And Recurring Energy Theories Of Value”, Studies in Energy and the American Economy, Discussion Paper No. 11, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Revised September 1982
2. ^ "Questioning of M. King Hubbert, Division of Supply and Resources, before the Board of Economic Warfare" (PDF). 1943-04-14. http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/Technocracy1943.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-04.p.35 (p.44 of PDF), p.35
3. ^ ^{a b} "History and Purpose of Technocracy by Howard Scott". Technocracy.org. Archived from the original on 22 April 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090422182206/http://www.technocracy.org/Archives/History%20&%20Purpose-r.htm.
4. ^ ^{a b} "Who, what, why: what can technocrats achieve that politicians can't?". BBC News. 14 November 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15720438. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
5. ^ ^{a b} "Technocrats—Minds like machines: Government by experts sounds tempting, especially in a crisis. It can work. But brief stints have the best chances.". The Economist. 19 November 2011. http://www.economist.com/node/21538698. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
6. ^ "Who Is A Technocrat? – Wilton Ivie – (1953)". Web.archive.org. 2001-03-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20010311014228/http://www.technocracy.org/periodicals/nwtechnocrat/237/who-is-a-technocrat.html. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
7. ^ Howard Scott Interviewed by Radcliff Student – Origins of Technical Alliance & Technocracy – (1962) on YouTube
8. ^ Barry Jones (1995, fourth edition). Sleepers, Wake! Technology and the Future of Work, Oxford University Press, p. 214.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Oxford English Dictionary 3rd edition (Word from 2nd edition 1989)
10. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, Saint Simon; Socialism
11. ^ http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/apr07/page10.html
12. ^ Njalsson, Gunnar K. A. (12/05). "From autonomous to socially conceived technology: toward a causal, intentional and systematic analysis of interests and elites in public technology policy". Theoria: a journal of political theory (Berghahn Books) (108): 56–81. ISSN. http://www.berghahnbooks.com/journals/th. Retrieved 2006-12-15.
13. ^ Graham, Loren R. The Ghost of the Executed Engineer: Technology and the Fall of the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993. 73
14. ^ Graham, 74.
15. ^ Gundle, Stephen (ed.); Parker, Simon (ed.) (1996) [1st. Pub. 1996]. The new Italian Republic: from the fall of the Berlin Wall to Berlusconi. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-12162-0. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vL-20NZx2OQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=technocratic&f=false. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
16. ^ D'Alimonte, Roberto; Bartolini, Stefano. "'Electoral Transition' and party system change in Italy". In Bull, Martin J; Rhodes, Martin. In: Crisis and transition in Italian politics. Routledge. p. 226. ISBN 0-7146-4366-1. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ny-LuRLiipUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA226#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
17. ^ MacKenzie, James; Moody, Barry (16 November 2011). "Italy gets new technocrat government". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/16/italy-idUSL5E7MG0PF20111116. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
18. ^ "Italy’s new prime minister — The full Monti: Mario Monti holds out for a technocratic government until 2013". The Economist. 19 November 2011. http://www.economist.com/node/21538778. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
19. ^ "Q&A: Greece's 'technocratic' government". BBC News. 11 November 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15690289. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
20. ^ Haber, Samuel. Efficiency and Uplift Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.
21. ^ Stabile, Donald R. (1986). Veblen and the political economy of the engineer: The radical thinker and engineering leaders came to technocratic ideas at the same time. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, (45:1), 43–44.
22. ^ Rise of the Red Engineers by Joel Andrews Stanford University Press 1995
23. ^ The life of Thorstein Veblen and perspectives on his thought, Wood, John (1993). The life of Thorstein Veblen and perspectives on his thought. introd. Thorstein Veblen. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-07487-8. ""The decisive difference between Marx and Veblen lay in their respective attitudes on socialism. For while Marx regarded socialism as the ultimate goal for civilization, Veblen saw socialism as but one stage in the economic evolution of society.""
24. ^ Daniel Bell, "Veblen and the New Class", American Scholar, V. 32 (Autumn 1963) (cited in Rick Tilman, Thorstein Veblen and His Critics, 1891–1963, Princeton University Press (1992))
25. ^ http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/2023/SWP-1353-09057784.pdf?sequence=1
26. ^ Beverly H. Burris (1993). Technocracy at work State University of New York Press, p. 32.
27. ^ Frank Fischer (1990). Technocracy and the Politics of Expertise, Sage Publications, p. 86.
28. ^ Daniel Nelson. Technocratic abundance Reviews in American History, Vol. 6, No. 1, March 1978, p. 104.
29. ^ Book review: Technocracy and the American Dream, History of Political Economy, Vol. 10, No. 4, 1978, p. 682.

[edit] External links

• Technocracy: An Alternative Social System – Arvid Peterson – (1980) on YouTube
• Marion King Hubbert, Howard Scott, Technocracy Inc., Technocracy Study Course, New York, 1st Edition, 1934; 5th Edition, 1940, 4th printing, July 1945.

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