Philosophy and Economics

Philosophy and economics (also philosophy of economics) may refer to the branch of philosophy that studies issues relating to economics or, alternatively, to the branch of economics that studies its own foundations and status as a moral science.^[1]

Contents  [hide]  1 Scope 1.1 Definition and ontology of economics 1.2 Methodology and epistemology of economics 1.3 Game theory and economic agents 1.4 Ethics and justice 1.5 Non-mainstream economic thinking 2 Figures cited in the scholarly literature 3 Related disciplines 4 Degrees 5 Notes 6 References 7 Journals 8 External links

[edit] Scope

[edit] Definition and ontology of economics

The first question usually addressed in any subfield of philosophy (the philosophy of X) is "what is X?" A philosophical approach to the question "what is economics?" is less likely to produce an answer than it is to produce a survey of the definitional and territorial difficulties and controversies. Similar considerations apply as a prologue to further discussion of methodology in a subject. Definitions of economics have varied over time from the modern origins of the subject, reflecting programmatic concerns and distinctions of expositors.^[2]
Ontological questions continue with further "what is..." questions addressed at fundamental economic phenomena, such as "what is (economic) value?" or "what is a market?". While it is possible to respond to such questions with real verbal definitions, the philosophical value of posing such questions actually aims at shifting entire perspectives as to the nature of the foundations of economics. In the rare cases that attempts at ontological shifts gain wide acceptance, their ripple effects can spread throughout the entire field of economics.^[3]

[edit] Methodology and epistemology of economics

Main article: Economic methodology

An epistemology deals with how we know things. In the philosophy of economics this means asking questions such as: what kind of a "truth claim" is made by economic theories - for example, are we claiming that the theories relate to reality or perceptions? How can or should we prove economic theories - for example, must every economic theory be empirically verifiable? How exact are economic theories and can they lay claim to the status of an exact science - for example, are economic predictions as reliable as predictions in the natural sciences, and why or why not? Another way of expressing this issue is to ask whether economic theories can state "laws". Philosophers of science and economists have explored these issues intensively since the work of Alexander Rosenberg and Daniel Hausman dating to 3 decades ago.^[4]

[edit] Game theory and economic agents

Main articles: game theory and decision theory

Game theory is shared between a number of disciplines, but especially mathematics, economics and philosophy. Game theory is still extensively discussed within the field of the philosophy of economics. Decision theory is closely related to game theory and is likewise very strongly interdisciplinary. Philosophical approaches in decision theory focus on foundational concepts in decision theory - for example, on the natures of choice or preference, rationality, risk and uncertainty, economic agents.^[5]

[edit] Ethics and justice

Main articles: Distributive justice and Justice (economics)

The ethics of economic systems deals with the issues such as how it is right (just, fair) to keep or distribute economic goods. Economic systems as a product of collective activity allow examination of their ethical consequences for all of their participants. Ethics and economics relates ethical studies to welfare economics.^[6] It is has been argued that a closer relation between welfare economics and modern ethical studies may enrich both areas, even including predictive and descriptive economics as to rationality of behavior, given social interdependence.^[7]
Ethics and justice overlap disciplines in different ways. Approaches are regarded as more philosophical when they study the fundamentals - for example, John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (1971)^[8] and Robert Nozick's Anarchy, State and Utopia (1974). 'Justice' in economics is a subcategory of welfare economics^[9] with models frequently representing the ethical-social requirements of a given theory. "Practical" matters include such subjects as law^[10] and cost–benefit analysis^[11]
Utilitarianism, one of the ethical methodologies, has its origins inextricably interwoven with the emergence of modern economic thought. Today utilitarianism has spread throughout applied ethics as one of a number of approaches. Non-utilitarian approaches in applied ethics are also now used when questioning the ethics of economic systems - e.g. rights-based (deontological) approaches.^[12]
Many political ideologies have been an immediate outgrowth of reflection on the ethics of economic systems. Marx, for example, is generally regarded primarily as a philosopher, his most notable work being on the philosophy of economics.

[edit] Non-mainstream economic thinking

Main article: Heterodox economics

The philosophy of economics defines itself as including the questioning of foundations or assumptions of economics. The foundations and assumption of economics have been questioned from the perspective of noteworthy but typically under-represented groups. These areas are therefore to be included within the philosophy of economics.

• Cross-cultural perspectives on economics: an example is the Buddhist-inspired Bhutanese "Gross National Happiness" concept (suggested as a better development measure than GNI/GDP). Amartya Sen is a renowned advocate for the integration of cross-cultural phenomena into economic thinking.^[13] Related area: economic anthropology.
• Feminist perspectives on economics: e.g. Drucilla Barker & Edith Kuiper eds., Towards a feminist philosophy of economics. Routledge. 2003. ISBN 0-415-28388-4.; see also feminist economics.

[edit] Figures cited in the scholarly literature

Kenneth Arrow Roger E. Backhouse Ken Binmore Milton Friedman Friedrich Hayek Joan Robinson

David Hume John Neville Keynes John Maynard Keynes Tony Lawson John Locke Karl Marx

John Stuart Mill Ludwig von Mises John E. Roemer Murray Rothbard John Rawls Paul Samuelson

E. F. Schumacher Amartya Sen Brian Skyrms Adam Smith Bernard Williams

[edit] Related disciplines

The ethics of economic systems is an area of overlap between business ethics and the philosophy of economics. People who write on the ethics of economic systems are more likely to call themselves political philosophers than business ethicists or economic philosophers. There is significant overlap between theoretical issues in economics and the philosophy of economics. As economics is generally accepted to have its origins in philosophy, the history of economics overlaps with the philosophy of economics.

[edit] Degrees

Some universites offer joint degrees that combine philosophy, politics and economics. These degrees cover many of the problems that are discussed in Philosophy and Economics, but are more broadly construed.

[edit] Notes

1. ^ D. Wade Hands (2008). "philosophy and economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
2. ^ • Roger E. Backhouse and Steven Medema (2008). "economics, definition of," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
      • _____. 2009. "Retrospectives: On the Definition of Economics," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(1), pp. 221–33. Abstract.
      • Adam Smith ([1776] 1976). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Oxford University Press. p. 428.
      • John Stuart Mill (1844). "On the Definition of Political Economy; and on the Method of Investigation Proper to It", Essay V, in Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy.
      • Lionel Robbins (1932). An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science, Macmillan, p. 16.
3. ^ • Roger E. Backhouse and Steven Medema (2008). "economics, definition of," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
      • Uskali Mäki (2008). "scientific realism and ontology," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
4. ^ • D. Wade Hands (2008). "philosophy and economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
      • Roger E. Backhouse (2008). "methodology of economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
      • Alexander Rosenberg (1976). Microeconomic Laws: A Philosophical Analysis, University of Pittsburgh Press. Description and preview.
      • _____ (1983). "If Economics Isn't Science, What Is It?" Philosophical Forum, 14, pp. 296-314.
      • _____ (1986). "What Rosenberg's Philosophy of Economics Is Not," Philosophy of Science, 53(1), pp. 127-132.
      • Douglas W. Hands (1984). "What Economics Is Not: An Economist's Response to Rosenberg," Philosophy of Science, 51(3), p p. 495-503.
      • Bruce J. Caldwell ([1982] 1994). Beyond Positivism: Economic Methodology in the Twentieth Century, 2nd ed. Routledge. Preview.
      • Daniel M. Hausman (1980). "How to Do Philosophy of Economics," PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1, pp. 353-362.
      • _____ (1983). "The Limits of Economic Science," in The Limits of Lawfulness: Studies on the Scope and Nature of Scientific Knowledge, N. Rescher, ed. Reprinted in D.M. Hausman (1992 Essays on Philosophy and Economic Methodology, pp. 99-108.
      • Daniel M. Hausman (1989). "Economic Methodology in a Nutshell," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3(2), pp. 115-127.
      • _____ (1992). The Inexact and Separate Science of Economics. Description, to ch. 1 link, preview, and reviews, 1st pages: [1][2].
      • Kevin D. Hoover (1995). "Review Article: Why Does Methodology Matter for Economics?" Economic Journal, 105(430), pp. 715-734.
      • Vernon L. Smith (2003). "Constructivist and Ecological Rationality in Economics," American Economic Review, 93(3), pp. 465-508.
      • _____ (2008). "experimental economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, Abstract.
      • Francesco Guala (2005). The Methodology of Experimental Economics, Cambridge. Description/contents links and ch. 1 excerpt.
5. ^ Cristina Bicchieri (1993). Rationality and Coordination. Cambridge. Description and chapter-preview links, pp. v-vi. Game-theory links.
6. ^ • Amartya K. Sen (1970 [1984]). Collective Choice and Social Welfare. Elsevier. Description.
     • Daniel M. Hausman and Michael S. McPherson (1993). "Taking Ethics Seriously: Economics and Contemporary Moral Philosophy," Journal of Economic Literature, 31(2), pp. 671-731.
     • _____ ([1994] 2006), Economic Analysis and Moral Philosophy, 2nd ed. New York, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55850-6. Description and contents-preview link.
     • Hal R. Varian (1975). "Distributive Justice, Welfare Economics, and the Theory of Fairness," Philosophy & Public Affairs 4(3), pp. 223-247.
7. ^ Amartya Sen (1987). On Ethics and Economics, Blackwell, back cover. Description and chapter-preview links.
8. ^ Amartya Sen (1990). "Justice: Means versus Freedoms," Philosophy & Public Affairs, 19(2), pp. 111-121.
9. ^ In the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes at JEL: D63, wedged on the same line between 'Equity' and 'Inequality'.
10. ^ • Richard Posner (1981). The Economics of Justice. Description and chapter links, pp. xi-xiii.
       • David A. Hoffman and Michael P. O'Shea (2002). "Can Law and Economics Be Both Practical and Principled?" Alabama Law Review, 53(2), pp. 335-420.
11. ^ Sven Ove Hansson (2010). "cost–benefit analysis: philosophical issues," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Online Edition. Abstract.
12. ^ Marc Fleurbaey (2008). "ethics and economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
13. ^ Amartya Sen (2008). "Culture and Development."

[edit] References

• Boulding, Kenneth E. (1969). "Economics as a Moral Science," American Economic Review, 59(1), pp. 1-12.
• Caldwell, Bruce (1987). "positivism," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v.3, pp. 921–23.
• Davis, John B., Alain Marciano, Jochen Runde (2004). The Elgar Companion to Economics and Philosophy. Description & Table of Contents links and Introduction and ch. 1 previews via sidebar scrolling. Articles from 1925 & 1940-1991.
• Downie, R.S. (1987). "moral philosophy," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 551–56.
• Hands, D. Wade, ed. (1993). The Philosophy And Methodology Of Economics, Edward Elgar. 3 v. Contents list.
• Hausman, Daniel M. (1992). Essays on Philosophy and Economic Methodology. Description, ch. 1 link. Chapter-preview links.
• _____, ed. ([1984] 2008). The Philosophy of Economics: An Anthology, 3rd ed. Cambridge. Description & Table of contents links and Introduction. From John Stuart Mill on.
• Heilbroner, Robert L. ([1953] 1999). The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times, and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers, 7th ed. Scroll to chapter-preview links.
• Hodgson, Bernard (2001). Economics as Moral Science. Description and chapter-preview links, pp. xi-xiv.
• Putnam, Hilary (1993). "The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy," in Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen, ed. The Quality of Life, pp. 143–157. Oxford. Reprinted in Putnam (2002), Part I, pp. 5 -64.
• _____ (2002). The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays, Description and chapter-preview links.
• Robinson, Joan (1962). Economic Philosophy. Description and scroll to chapter and previews.
• Rubinstein, Ariel (2006). "Dilemmas of an Economic Theorist," Econometrica, 74(4), pp. 865-883 (close Page tab).
• Szenberg, Michael, ed. (1992). Eminent Economists: Their Life Philosophies, Cambridge. Description and preview.
• Walsh, Vivian (1961). Scarcity and Evil. Prentice-Hall.
• _____ (1987). "philosophy and economics," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 861–869.
• _____ (1996). Rationality, Allocation, and Reproduction. Cambridge. Description and scroll to chapter-preview links.

[edit] Journals

• Economics and Philosophy
• Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics
• Journal of Economic Methodology — Aims & Scope
• Philosophy and Public Affairs
• Politics, Philosophy & Economics — Aims and Scope

[edit] External links

• Recommended first reading: Philosophy of Economics (Daniel Little's entry in the Routledge Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Science)
• Philosophy of Economics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) by Daniel M. Hausman, notable in the field.
• Philosophical Issues in Economics Ibiblio.org (Cambridge University)
• Description of the Philosophy of Economics (Dan Hausman)
• Homophileconomicus (Philosophy and Economics Blog, with useful links, conference announcements, course syllabi, news concerning recent research, etc.)
• EIPE (Erasmus Institute for Philosophy and Economics, based in Rotterdam, The Netherlands)
• Methodology of Economics: Secular versus Islamic

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