Manuel Castells (
Spanish:
Manuel Castells Oliván; born 1942,
Hellín,
Albacete,
Spain) is a Spanish
sociologist especially associated with research on the
information society,
communication and
globalization.
The 2000–09 research survey of the
Social Sciences Citation Index ranks him as the world’s fifth most-cited social science scholar, and the foremost-cited communication scholar.
[1]
Manuel Castells was raised primarily in
Barcelona. Although from a conservative family, he was politically active in the student anti-
Franco movement, an adolescent political activism that forced him to flee Spain for France. In Paris, at the age of twenty, he completed his degree studies, then progressed to the
University of Paris, where he earned a
doctorate in sociology. At the age of twenty-four, Dr Castells became an instructor at the University of Paris, from 1967 to 1979; first at the
Paris X University Nanterre (where he taught
Daniel Cohn-Bendit), who fired him because of the
1968 student protests, then at the
École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, from 1970 to 1979.
Subsequently in 1979, in the US, the
University of California, Berkeley appointed him to two professorships; Professor of Sociology, and Professor of
City and Regional Planning. In 2001, he was a research professor at the
Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Barcelona. In 2003, he joined the
University of Southern California (USC)
Annenberg School for Communication, as a Professor of Communication and the first
Wallis Annenberg-endowed Chair of Communication and Technology.
[2] Castells is a founding member of the
USC Center on Public Diplomacy, and a senior member of the diplomacy center's Faculty Advisory Council; and is a member of the
Annenberg Research Network on International Communication. Castells divides his residence between Spain and the US; he is married to
Emma Kiselyova. Since 2008 he has been a member of the governing board of the
European Institute of Innovation and Technology.
[edit] Theory
The sociological work of Manuel Castells Oliván synthesises empirical research literature with combinations of
urban sociology,
organization studies,
internet studies,
social movements,
sociology of culture, and
political economy. About the origins of the network society, he posits that changes to the network form of enterprise predate the electronic internet technologies (usually) associated with network organization forms (cf.
Castells and Organization Theory). Moreover, he coined the (academic) term “The
Fourth World”, denoting the sub-population(s) socially excluded from the global society; usual usage denotes the nomadic, pastoral, and hunter-gatherer ways of life beyond the contemporary industrial society norm.
"Manuel Castells believes the present Information Age has the potential to unleash the power of the mind,
[3] " : the effects of such phenomenon would be a dramatic yet positive increase in the productivity of individuals. By obtaining a greater level of productivity, Castells believes that this will lead to greater leisure: allowing individuals to achieve “greater spiritual depth and more environmental consciousness(ibid)”. The effects of this change in social order are extremely optimistic; by acting in such a productive way, the world would limit it’s resource consumptions. This approach brought on by Manuel Castells is ground breaking. The Information Age, the Age of Consumption, The Network Society are all perspectives attempting to describing modern life as known in the present and to depict furthermore the future of society itself. As Castells presents, modern society would be described as “replacing the antiquated metaphor of the
machine with that of the
network”
In the 1970s, following the path of
Alain Touraine (his intellectual father),
[4] Castells was a key developer of the variety of
Marxist urban sociology that emphasises the role of
social movements in the conflictive transformation of the city, (cf.
post-industrial society).
[5] He introduced the concept of "collective consumption" (public transport, public housing, etc) comprehending a wide range of social struggles — displaced from the economic stratum to the political stratum via state intervention. Transcending Marxist strictures in the early 1980s, he concentrated upon the role of new technologies in the restructuring of an economy. In 1989, he introduced the concept of the "
space of flows", the material and immaterial components of global information networks used for the real-time, long-distance co-ordination of the economy. In the 1990s, he combined his two research strands in
The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, published as a trilogy,
The Rise of the Network Society (1996),
The Power of Identity (1997), and
End of Millennium (1998); two years later, its worldwide, favourable critical acceptance in university seminars, prompted publication of a second (2000) edition that is 40 per cent different from the first (1996) edition.
[6]
The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture comprehends three sociological dimensions —
production,
power, and
experience — stressing that the organisation of the
economy, of the
state and its institutions, and the ways that people create meaning in their lives through collective action, are irreducible sources of
social dynamics — that must be understood as both discrete and inter-related entities. Moreover, he became an established cybernetic culture theoretician with his
Internet development analysis stressing the roles of the state (military and academic), social movements (computer hackers and social activists), and business, in shaping the economic infrastructure according to their (conflicting) interests. The
Information Age trilogy is his précis: "Our societies are increasingly structured around the bipolar opposition of the Net and the Self";
[7] the “Net” denotes the network organisations replacing vertically integrated hierarchies as the dominant form of social organization, the
Self denotes the practices a person uses in reaffirming social
identity and meaning in a continually changing cultural landscape.
[edit] Publications
Manuel Castells Oliván is one of the world's most often-cited social science and communications scholars;
[8][9] he has written more than twenty books, including:
- The Urban Question. A Marxist Approach (Alan Sheridan, translator). London, Edward Arnold (1977) (Original publication in French, 1972)
- City, Class and Power. London; New York, MacMillan; St. Martins Press (1978)
- The Economic Crisis and American Society. Princeton, NJ, Princeton UP (1980)
- The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. Berkeley: University of California Press (1983)
- The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban Regional Process. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, MA: Blackwell (1989)
- The Information Age trilogy:
- Castells, Manuel (1996, second edition, 2000). The Rise of the Network Society, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. I. Cambridge, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22140-1.
- Castells, Manuel (1997, second edition, 2004). The Power of Identity, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. II. Cambridge, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-0713-6.
- Castells, Manuel (1998, second edition, 2000). End of Millennium, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. III. Cambridge, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22139-5.
- The Internet Galaxy, Reflections on the Internet, Business and Society. Oxford, Oxford University Press (2001)
- The Information Society and the Welfare State: The Finnish Model. Oxford UP, Oxford (2002) (co-author, Pekka Himanen )
- The Network Society: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar (2004), (editor and co-author), ISBN 978-1-84542-435-0.
- The Network Society: From Knowledge to Policy. Washington, DC, Center for Transatlantic Relations (2006) (co-editor)
- Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press (2006) (co-author)
- Epilogue of Pekka Himanen's The Hacker Ethic.
- Castells, Manuel (2009). Communication power. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 608. ISBN 978-0-19-956704-1.
Recent Journal Articles
Pertinent papers
Books about Manuel Castells
- Susser, Ida. The Castells Reader on Cities and Social Theory. Oxford, Blackwell (2002)
- Castells, Manuel; Ince, Martin. Conversations with Manuel Castells. Oxford, Polity Press (2003)
- Stalder, Felix. Manuel Castells and the Theory of the Network Society. Oxford, Polity Press (2006)
[edit] References
- ^ Relative Ranking of a Selected Pool of Leading Scholars in the Social Sciences by Number of Citations in the Social Science Citation Index, 2000-2009. PDF.
- ^ "Endowed Faculty Chairs". USC Annenberg. http://annenberg.usc.edu/Faculty/Endowed.aspx.
- ^ Strangelove, Michael (2005). The Empire of Mind: Digital Piracy and the anti-capitalist movement. Toronto, On, Canada: University of Toronto Press Incorporated. pp. 8.
- ^ Castells and Ince 2003, p. 11-12
- ^ Castells and Ince 2003, p. 12
- ^ Castells and Ince 2003, p. 20
- ^ Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (1996) p. 3
- ^ Citations in the Social Science Citation Index, 2000-2007
- ^ Citations in the Social Science Citation Index, 2000-2007 (living scholars only)
[edit] External resources
